Encephalitis
Encephalitis is defined as an inflammation of the brain, and is most often caused by a viral infection. Encephalitis may cause flu-like symptoms, however in many cases, people who are infected with encephalitis may experience only mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. Most cases of encephalitis can be treated successfully through conservative methods. Although rare, severe cases of encephalitis may cause neurological damage and can be life-threatening.
Causes of Encephalitis
Most cases of encephalitis are caused by a viral infection such as the herpes virus, rabies, or arboviruses from a mosquito or other type of insect. This condition is more likely to affect patients with a weakened immune system, such as those with HIV or AIDS, as well as patients who are frequently outdoors and live in areas that have a high frequency of mosquito-borne viruses. Less commonly, encephalitis may develop as a result of bacteria from Lyme disease syphilis, and tuberculosis, or from a parasite.
Symptoms of Encephalitis
Patients with encephalitis will usually first experience flu-like symptoms, including headache, irritability, fever and joint pain. In severe cases, as inflammation occurs, patients may also experience:
- Confusion
- Double vision
- Seizures
- Muscle weakness
- Loss of consciousness
- Hallucinations
- Tremors
- Speech or hearing problems
- Personality changes
Infants and young children may experience bulging or swelling in the fontanels of the skull, nausea and vomiting, poor feeding and inconsolable crying. It is important for patients to seek medical attention at the first sign of any of these symptoms, as encephalitis can be a serious, life-threatening condition. Patients with severe cases of encephalitis may develop ongoing and chronic symptoms that may include fatigue, weakness, depression and memory problems.
Diagnosis of Encephalitis
A physical examination and review of all symptoms will be performed to diagnose encephalitis. Additional tests are performed to detect brain activity, produce images of the brain and detect viruses in the blood that can cause encephalitis. Diagnostic tests may include:
- Blood tests
- Spinal tap
- Brain imaging tests
- Electroencephalography (EEG)
In rare cases, a brain biopsy may be performed to test a sample of brain tissue if symptoms worsen or the results of other tests are inconclusive.
Treatment of Encephalitis
Mild cases of encephalitis can be effectively treated with rest, increased fluids and anti-inflammatory medication such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen. More serious cases of this condition may require antiviral drugs, corticosteroids to relieve swelling and anticonvulsant medications for seizures. Patients with severe cases of encephalitis that affected their brain function, may require speech, occupational or physical therapy after the initial medical treatment.