Toxic Shock Syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome is a rare but potentially fatal condition that develops as a result of a bacterial infection. Most often toxic shock syndrome results from poisonous toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus bacteria. Many cases of toxic shock syndrome have been linked to super-absorbent tampon use, but about half of the known cases of the syndrome have occurred in patients who were not menstruating. Many patients with the condition have been older women, children or men.
Causes of Toxic Shock Syndrome
Toxic shock syndrome can affect anyone with an infection. The condition may be traced to:
- Skin wounds
- Surgery
- Tampon use
- Use of a contraceptive diaphragm or sponge
- Bacterial infection anywhere in the body
The precise way in which a tampon or mechanical contraceptive use may cause toxic shock syndrome is unknown. It is believed that such objects may become breeding grounds for bacteria, particularly when left in place for too long. It has also been suggested that the super-absorbent fibers in the tampons may scratch the vaginal surface making it possible for bacteria or their toxins to enter the bloodstream.
Symptoms of Toxic Shock Syndrome
The onset of symptoms of toxic shock syndrome may be rapid. Particular attention should be paid to the following symptoms when they occur in menstruating women, patients who have recently had surgery and individuals who have infections or open wounds:
- Sudden high fever
- Drop in blood pressure or fainting
- Vomiting or diarrhea
- Rash resembling a sunburn, particularly on palms and soles
- Confusion
- Headache or muscle aches
- Redness of eyes, mouth or throat
- Seizures
- Breathing difficulty
Treatment of Toxic Shock Syndrome
Once toxic shock syndrome has been diagnosed through blood and urine tests, doctors will try to determine the source of the infection. Patients with toxic shock syndrome are usually hospitalized and treated with intravenous antibiotics. Patients may also be given intravenous fluids and medications for hypotension, or low pressure, if needed. In severe cases of toxic shock syndrome, surgery may be required to treat infected skin wounds or, if hypotension and bacterial toxins have caused kidney failure, patients may require dialysis.