Health Information

Information is presented on various health conditions, treatments and procedures with the goal of empowering patients to take an active role in managing their health with informed decisions about their care. This provides patients with knowledge, skills, and confidence to understand conditions and treatment plans that affect them.

The effort ultimately leads to positive experiences with healthcare providers, to improved health outcomes and a better quality of life.

Animal Bites

Adults and children can be bitten by a wide range of animals, most commonly dogs, cats, hamsters, raccoons and squirrels. These bites may be provoked or unprovoked. They can be of little consequence, or can be quite serious, or even life-threatening.

Most Common Animal Bites

As might be expected, the most common animal bites are dog bites which account for approximately 80 percent of all cases. Cats are responsible for about 15 percent of biting incidents. The bites of other wild or domesticated animals and human bites result in the remaining 5 percent of bite injuries. The most frequent bites by wild animals depend on the area in which the individual resides. Some of the most common wild animal bites result from contacts with raccoons, squirrels, bats and snakes. ...

Asthma

Asthma is a condition in which the lungs and air passages become inflamed and constricted, interfering with normal breathing. During the first stage of an asthmatic response, inhaled allergens or other irritants cause the airways to constrict. During the second stage, an inflammatory response causes the airways to swell, and fill with thickened, sticky mucus. During an attack, patients have increasing difficulty in breathing, and usually make the wheezing sound typically associated with asthma. Although life-threatening, asthma can usually be well-controlled with medication. ...

Bronchitis

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which carry air in and out of the lungs during respiration. There are two types of bronchitis: acute and chronic. Acute bronchitis is common, occurring frequently as a complication of a cold or other respiratory infection. Chronic bronchitis, however, is less common and more serious. A person is considered to have the chronic form when the bronchitis lasts longer, up to several months, and occurs more frequently, two or more times a year. Chronic bronchitis may be a precursor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). ...

Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis, commonly referred to as pink eye, is an infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva, the membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the white part of the eyeball. The inflammation affects the blood vessels in the eye and gives the eye a pink or red appearance. Pink eye can be caused by either a bacterial or viral infection, an allergic reaction, a foreign object in the eye or a blocked tear duct. Pink eye can be contagious, so proper diagnosis and prompt treatment are important. ...

Corneal Abrasion

The cornea is the clear covering of the front of the eye which bends, or refracts, light rays as they enter the eye. Injuries, such as scratches or cuts, on the surface of the cornea are known as corneal abrasions. Due to the amount of nerve cells in the cornea, a corneal abrasion is usually painful. A corneal abrasion causes significant pain and discomfort; it is a serious condition that should be medically addressed as soon as possible. ...

Dehydration

Dehydration occurs when more fluid from the body is lost than absorbed. Dehydration leaves the body with insufficient water and fluids to carry out normal body functions. While dehydration can affect people of all ages, children, the elderly, and those suffering from chronic illnesses are especially susceptible to the effects of dehydration. Mild cases of dehydration can easily be remedied by drinking more fluids, but severe cases may require immediate medical attention. ...

Ear Infections

Ear infections, also known as otitis media, are one of the most common childhood medical problems. Ear infections are the most frequent cause of doctor visits for children. In fact, three out of four children in the United States will have at least one ear infection by the time they reach the age of three. ...

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram is a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity of the heart. Also known as an EKG or ECG, the electrocardiogram translates the information it receives into a pattern of waves for analysis. An EKG produces a record of waves that correspond to the electrical impulses that occur during each beat of a patient's heart. This non-invasive test is usually performed as part of a routine physical examination, however, it may be performed to investigate the cause of heart-related symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath and heart palpitations. ...

Employment Physicals

Many employers require an employment physical to determine the suitability of an individual for a job. A pre-employment physical exam may be requested to ensure new hires are physically capable of performing their work and meet general health standards. Employment examinations may include physical examinations, health inquiries, psychological tests, drug testing, and mental health assessments. These exams compare the health of the potential employee with the expected demands of the job, to ensure that the individual is fit to do the job. ...

Flu Vaccination

Influenza, also known as the flu, is a contagious virus that appears seasonally. It spreads from person to person and can cause mild to severe illness. Symptoms of the flu include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills, and fatigue. For some people, the flu can lead to serious complications, and possibly even death. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), up to 20 percent of Americans get the flu each year, and more than 200,000 people are hospitalized annually from flu-related complications. Flu season may start as early as October and usually subsides by May. ...

Foot Sprains and Strains

Both foot sprains and foot strains are very common injuries, occurring as a result of sports accidents, falls, or other traumas. The difference between the two types of injuries is that sprains affect the ligaments, the thick strands of cartilage attaching one bone to another, and strains affect the muscles or the tendons, thick bands attaching muscle to bone. In both cases, the patient with the injury usually experiences pain (particularly upon movement), swelling, tenderness, bruising, weakness or muscle spasms. Foot sprains, the more serious injury, may also cause possible instability of the joint, most frequently the ankle. Depending on where on the foot the injury occurs, patients may be unable to bear weight until healing takes place. ...

Fractures

A fracture is a break or crack in a bone that occurs when the bone cannot withstand the amount of force being placed on it. A fracture is usually the result of trauma, a fall or a direct blow to the body. The severity of a fracture usually depends on the force that caused the break. A bone may be completely fractured or partially fractured in several different ways. Treatment for fractures may include a splint, cast or surgery, depending on the severity and location of the break. ...

Hives

Hives, also called urticaria, is a common skin condition in which swollen, pale red bumps, also known as welts or wheals, suddenly break out on the skin. Hives cause itching, stinging or burning and may appear anywhere on the body. Hives are most often an allergic reaction, but sometimes the allergen precipitating the adverse reaction is unknown. Hives is never a contagious condition. ...

Influenza

Influenza, also known as the flu, is a contagious viral infection that appears seasonally. It spreads from person to person and can cause mild to severe symptoms. The flu affects the nose, throat and lungs and symptoms may include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, and fatigue. For some people, the flu can lead to serious complications, and possibly even death. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), up to 20 percent of Americans gets the flu each year, and more than 200,000 people are hospitalized annually from flu-related complications. Young children, older adults and people with chronic diseases or weakened immune systems are at a higher risk for infection. ...

Kidney Stones

A kidney stone, also known as renal calculi or nephrolithiasis, is a hardened mass of mineral and acid salts that separates from the urine and travels through the urinary tract. The urine normally dilutes and dissolves these substances, but when the composition of urine is unbalanced, crystallized stones can form. Kidney stones are a common but painful urinary-tract disorder; men are more likely than women to get them. Kidney stones can cause severe pain, but usually do not cause any permanent damage to the urinary tract or body. ...

Migraine Headache

Migraines are chronic headaches that cause intense pain, and throbbing or pulsing sensations in the head. Along with severe head pain, some people also experience nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. The pain and symptoms of a migraine may last from hours to days at a time. Most people experience recurring migraine headaches that may be triggered by stress, anxiety, hormonal changes, certain foods or changes in sleep patterns. Migraines are more common in women than men and they may develop as a result of genetic or environmental factors. Migraines can begin at any age, though most people experience their first migraine during adolescence. ...

On-Site X-rays

X-rays are imaging tests that produce images of the structures inside the body. X-rays use a type of radiation called electromagnetic waves to produce these internal images. As these waves penetrate the body, they are absorbed in different amounts by different body tissues. Bones are dense and absorb X-ray waves very well and the images appear very clearly, but soft tissues do not absorb the X-rays as well and are therefore harder to see on an X-ray image. Often used to confirm a fracture or a break in a bone, X-rays may be used to investigate lung conditions, digestive tract problems, arthritis, heart failure, breast cancer and other conditions. ...

Open Wounds and Lacerations

An open wound involves a break in the skin or tissue that may be caused by, among other things, accident, injury or animal bite. A laceration is a type of open wound, one with jagged, irregular edges. Open wounds and lacerations typically involve bleeding, redness, swelling, pain, and tenderness. They can occur nearly anywhere on the body, with the upper extremities being a common location for open wounds/lacerations caused by accidents or falls. Deeper wounds or lacerations may require medical attention to prevent infection and loss of function, due to damage to underlying structures such as bone, muscle, tendon, arteries and nerves. Medical care for wounds and lacerations focuses on promoting healing, preventing complications and preserving function. While important, cosmetic results are not the primary consideration for wound repair. ...

Physical Exam

A routine physical exam is recommended at least once each year for patients of all ages. This complete medical examination allows the doctor to evaluate the patient's overall health and detect any illnesses or medical conditions in the early stages. Early detection of a disease may result in more effective treatment. An annual physical examination helps individuals to address any health issues and allows the doctor to give recommendations for healthy living and preventative care. ...

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an infection of one or both lungs that may be caused by bacteria, a virus or fungus. As a result, the lungs fill with pus or fluid causing difficulty breathing that may be accompanied by fever and chills. It can affect people of all ages but those at a higher risk of developing pneumonia include adults age 65 and older, children age 2 and younger, people with chronic illnesses or compromised immune systems, and smokers. Pneumonia can range in severity from mild to life-threatening. ...

School Physicals

Every student should have an annual physical examination before going back to school to begin the new term. In many states, this medical examination is mandated by law and most schools require that a medical form be filled out before the child is permitted to attend classes. This checkup is necessary for the child's health and well-being and for the health of everyone else in the school environment. A typical physical examination includes the taking of a medical history, an observation and evaluation of posture, stature, mobility, joints and organs, as well as tests for vision and hearing. In many elementary schools, a school physician is available to perform medical examinations, but most students are examined by their private physicians. ...

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

A sexually transmitted disease (STD) is a disease or infection that is spread from one person to another through sexual contact. Most STDs are caused by bacteria, parasites or viruses that are transmitted through contact with the genitals, skin, mouth, rectum or bodily fluids. Sexually transmitted diseases can cause problems ranging from mild irritation to severe pain. Left untreated, some STDs can cause illness, cancer and infertility, or harm to a fetus. ...

Sinusitis

Sinusitis (sinus infection) is a common medical condition that occurs when the sinus cavities in the upper skull become inflamed and do not drain properly. When the sinuses accumulate fluid and mucus due to an allergy or upper respiratory illness, their passages become obstructed. Without proper drainage, the impacted material becomes a fertile area for viruses, bacteria, or occasionally fungi to grow and create infection. Sinus inflammation causes pain and thickened mucus within the nasal cavity and may be chronic or acute. ...

Strep Throat

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Urinary Tract Infection

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The urinary tract refers to just the bladder and the urethra, and an infection can develop in either of these areas. These infections occur much more frequently in women than in men and may cause intense pain and discomfort. ...

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a potentially fatal viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes. There are about 200,000 new cases of this illness diagnosed annually, most of them in South America and Africa, and the number seems to be increasing. When contracted by humans, yellow fever can be a relatively short-lived illness, but in some cases may worsen, causing damage to internal organs, most often the liver. The risk to travelers from the United States and Europe is fairly low, particularly since there is a vaccine available to protect travelers. ...

West Nile Virus

Originally diagnosed in Uganda on the banks of the Nile river in the 1930s, West Nile virus made its first appearance in the western hemisphere in New York City in 1999. Since that time, the disease has become increasingly prevalent in the United States and there have been several severe outbreaks. Commonly, West Nile virus is contracted through bites by infected mosquitoes who have themselves contracted the illness from infected birds. Although 70 to 80 percent of people who harbor the virus do not become ill, the illness can, especially in older and immune-compromised patients, be dangerous and even fatal. In this century, there have, at times, been an alarming number of deaths attributable to the virus. ...

Well Child Visit

A well child visit, also known as a routine physical or medical checkup, is recommended for children of all ages. Regular well visit examinations are important for keeping children healthy and up-to-date on their immunizations. A well visit is also an opportunity to communicate with the doctor about growth and developmental issues and any concerns about a child's overall health. While they may be scheduled more frequently when they are younger, when a child reaches the age of 3, a well care visit should be scheduled annually with a pediatrician. Preventative care is an important part of a healthy lifestyle for a child. ...

Warts

Warts are a common skin condition resulting from infection by one or another strain of human papillomavirus (HPV). There are several types of warts that can affect individuals of any age, but some types are more commonly found in children and some more often found in adults. Many types of warts, especially those usually found on children, disappear on their own. When troublesome, warts can be treated with medications or otherwise removed. ...

Vaginitis

Vaginitis is a inflammation of the vulva and vagina that results in itching, pain and vaginal discharge. Patients may develop this condition as a result of a change in the vaginal bacteria levels, a yeast infection or, a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Yeast infections (Candida albicans) are the most common type of vaginitis. ...

Travel Medicine

Now that worldwide travel has become so common, for business, pleasure and educational purposes, travel medicine is an expanding field. In order to accommodate individuals or groups planning to travel to exotic locations, many services, including immunizations and prescribed medications, are available to prevent or treat diseases that may be prevalent abroad, or even, in some cases, in particular regions of the United States. The risk to travelers is increased if they are visiting a destination where they will come into contact with pathogens they have never before encountered. ...

Urinalysis

Urinalysis is a test performed to analyze a patient's urine in order to assess overall health and to detect any possible disease conditions. It is normally administered in the doctor's office as part of comprehensive medical examination and may also be administered to diagnose the cause of a patient's symptoms. ...

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection. Although it primarily affects the lungs, it can attack other parts of the body, including the kidneys, spine, brain and bones. There are two classifications of tuberculosis: latent and active. People with latent TB are asymptomatic and not contagious. They are, however, in danger of developing active TB. Those infected with active TB develop symptoms, and are in danger of infecting others. Although the number of reported cases of tuberculosis in the United States has declined annually over the years, it is still a serious problem in other parts of the world. ...

Tuberculin Skin Test

The primary test for tuberculosis (TB), a serious, potentially life-threatening, bacterial infection of the lungs, is a simple skin test known as a Mantoux tuberculin test, or purified protein derivative (PPD) test. This test evaluates whether the body reacts to the existence of the bacteria that cause tuberculosis. Although TB infections are now rare in the United States, certain people are susceptible to them, such as those with weakened immune systems, travelers who come from or visit countries with high rates of the disease, and those who work in the health care industry. ...

Traveler's Diarrhea

Traveler's diarrhea, which may have a number of different causes, can make international travel, particularly to certain parts of the world, as daunting as it is exciting. Some foreign destinations present health issues not commonly faced in the United States. Since traveler's diarrhea is the most common medical complaint of those who venture abroad, wise travelers take precautions. ...

Tracheitis

Tracheitis is an infection of the trachea, also known as the windpipe. Tracheitis most commonly affects children, although it may affect adults as well.

Causes of Tracheitis

Tracheitis usually occurs following an upper respiratory infection. Typically it is caused by the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, but may also be caused by other bacteria or by a virus. The bacterial form of tracheitis usually leads to more complications than the viral variety. The reason tracheitis is more common in young children is that their narrower airways are more easily blocked by inflammation. ...

Toxic Shock Syndrome

Toxic shock syndrome is a rare but potentially fatal condition that develops as a result of a bacterial infection. Most often toxic shock syndrome results from poisonous toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus bacteria. Many cases of toxic shock syndrome have been linked to super-absorbent tampon use, but about half of the known cases of the syndrome have occurred in patients who were not menstruating. Many patients with the condition have been older women, children or men. ...

Thrush

Thrush is a yeast infection of the mucous membranes that line the mouth and the tongue. Thrush is a common condition that is seen in babies and older adults as a result of a weakened immune system.

Causes of Thrush

Thrush, also referred to as Candidiasis, occurs when there is an imbalance of the body's immune system causing an excessive amount of Candida albicans yeast to develop in the mouth or throat. ...

Syphilis

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial infection. The symptoms of syphilis can be deceptive because they mimic several other diseases. Syphilis symptoms occur in stages and may be spread more easily during some stages than others. Left untreated, syphilis can be the cause of life long complications including blindness, brain and heart damage, and in severe cases, death. ...

Swimmer's Ear

Swimmer's ear (otitis externa) is an ear infection caused when bacteria found in water penetrates the ear canal. Occasionally, fungi or viruses may also cause this condition. Swimmer's ear usually only affects one ear and is most common among children, young adults and people who suffer from chronic middle ear infections. ...

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome is a rare condition where your skin and mucous membranes have a severe adverse reaction to certain medications or infections. This condition begins with symptoms similar to those of the flu, and can lead to skin loss or death if left untreated. ...

Sports Physicals

A sports physical exam, also known as a preparticipation physical examination (PPE), is a thorough medical examination that determines whether or not it is safe for an athlete to participate in a particular sport. The purpose of a PPE is to prevent as many injuries and medical emergencies on the court or playing field as possible Sports physicals are often required for children and teens before they are allowed to join a team sport and are usually repeated before each season. PPEs are required by most state governments as well. ...

Sjogren's Syndrome

Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disorder that has two common identifying symptoms: dry mouth and dry eyes, but it may progress to affect joints, skin and vital organs. Women are more likely to suffer from this condition and patients are usually diagnosed with the disorder after the age of 40. The cause of Sjogren's syndrome is unknown, although genetic components seem to put some individuals at greater risk for developing the disease. There is some evidence that Sjogren's syndrome may be triggered by a viral or bacterial infection. Often the syndrome occurs in patients who have another immune disorder, like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus. ...

Shingles

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Sepsis

Sepsis, also known as systemic inflammatory response syndrome, or SIRS, is an infection of the bloodstream. This potentially fatal condition occurs when the body's weakened immune system is unable to respond effectively to an infection. This condition most often affects infants, people over the age of 65, and those with weakened immune systems caused by serious illness or severe injury. ...

Scarlet Fever

Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, is a bacterial infection caused by the group A Streptococcus bacteria. Scarlet fever occurs in a small amount of people who have strep throat and most often in children aged 5 to 15 years old.

Symptoms of Scarlet Fever

In addition to the symptoms of strep throat, scarlet fever may have some of the following symptoms: ...

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is a potentially fatal bacterial tickborne disease. The organism that causes the illness, Rickettsia rickettsii, is found in North and South America. Several varieties of tick transmit RMSF, the symptoms of which are evident 2 to 14 days after the illness is contracted. Because the disease must be treated during the first few days to avoid serious complications, and because diagnostic tests take too long to be helpful, physicians most often prescribe the necessary medication on medical history and clinical data alone. ...

Ringworm

Ringworm is a contagious infection of the skin caused by a fungus called tinea, not a worm as one might infer from its name. Ringworm presents as itchy, scaly, ring-shaped red patches on the skin, bald spots in the hair or beard, or discolored, thickened nails. The most commonly infected areas of skin are on the scalp (tinea capitis), beard (tinea barbae), body (tinea corporis), groin (tinea cruris, jock itch or diaper rash) or foot (tinea pedis or athlete's foot). Ringworm tends to occur in warm, moist areas of the body, and can be passed by touching the skin of an infected person or by making contact with an contaminated item, such as a towel, hairbrush, or pool or shower surface. Pets, especially cats, can also transmit the fungus. Skin that is wet from sweat or the environment, or that is compromised by a minor injury, is more susceptible to an invasion of ringworm fungus. ...

Reye's Syndrome

Reye's syndrome is a serious, condition that occurs suddenly, resulting in inflammation of the liver and brain. It most often presents in children aged 4 to 12, but may also occur in adolescents. The syndrome typically appears in children recovering from a virus, such as chickenpox or the flu. Because Reye's syndrome has been statistically correlated with the use of aspirin, extreme caution is advised in administering aspirin to children, especially if they are recovering from viral infections. Fortunately, since warnings concerning the use of aspirin in children have been publicized and heeded, the syndrome has become increasingly rare. ...

Rashes

Rashes are changes in the skin's color or texture. Simple rashes are called dermatitis, which means the skin is inflamed or swollen. Some rashes are independent symptoms, but many cause itching, burning or other discomfort. There are a great many reasons for individuals to develop rashes.

Types of Rashes

Rashes occur for a variety of reasons, some relatively benign, some extremely serious. Many rashes look similar to one another so their causes may be difficult to diagnose. ...

Rapid Strep Test

Strep throat is a common illness that occurs most frequently in children. Rapid tests for strep throat, also known as rapid antigen tests, are extremely useful because they provide almost immediate feedback about whether or not a patient's symptoms are caused by the streptococcal bacteria. ...

Rapid Flu Testing

Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an upper respiratory viral infection that affects the nose, throat, air passages, and lungs. Because if it highly contagious, the flu is an annual epidemic illness that, in spite of the administration of flu vaccines, strikes millions of people in the United States each year, causing much misery and some serious, even fatal, complications. Flu symptoms often mimic those of other upper respiratory infections. In the past, doctors had to depend on their ability to distinguish the flu from other illnesses based on patient symptoms alone. In recent years, however, rapid flu testing has become available. ...

Pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis is a kidney infection which commonly begins in the urethra or bladder and eventually spreads to the kidneys. Pyelonephritis is a serious condition that can damage the kidneys and cause dangerous complications if left untreated.

Causes of Pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis is caused by bacteria that enters the kidneys, possibly from other infections of the urinary system that may include: ...

Prostatitis

Prostatitis is an inflammation of the prostate gland commonly resulting in pain and swelling. The prostate is a reproductive gland located just below the bladder and in front of the rectum. The condition of prostatitis can also cause other uncomfortable urinary symptoms which can be chronic or acute, and flare-up irregularly. ...

Poison Ivy

Poison ivy is a common plant known to cause allergic reactions in a large percentage of people. These allergic reactions usually manifest as unsightly and uncomfortable rashes on the skin. Skin rashes from poison ivy, like those from poison oak and poison sumac, are precipitated by an oily substance called urushiol found in the leaves, stems and roots of the plant. Poison ivy is found growing all over the continental United States, so rashes from poison ivy are very common. ...

Plantar Warts

Plantar warts are noncancerous growths that develop on the soles of the feet. Caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), plantar warts are frequently found on the heels or balls of the feet, areas to which the most pressure is applied during standing or walking. While plantar warts are not a serious health threat, they may cause pain or tenderness and therefore need to be removed. ...

Plague

Plague is a bacterial disease caused by fleas and carried by rats, or other small animals like rabbits, squirrels, cats or prairie dogs, to the human population. It is an extremely serious, life-threatening illness. Although often associated with the specific epidemic that wiped out millions of people in Europe during the Middle Ages, plague still infects people today. Recent cases can be found in Africa, Asia and South America. While plague is rare in the United States, it has been known to infect individuals in some western states. ...

Pityriasis Rosea

Pityriasis rosea is a common rash that usually begins with a rather large, often scaly patch, known as a herald patch, on the chest, back or abdomen. Although the rash spreads within hours or days of appearing, it is normally confined to the trunk of the body and the legs and does not affect the face, hands or feet. Most often, patients who develop this condition are between the ages of 10 and 35. The condition is not usually serious nor contagious and usually resolves on its own within 6 to 8 weeks. ...

Pertussis Vaccination

Many diseases that caused serious illness and even death in the past are rare today because of routine immunizations. Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a potentially dangerous infection of the respiratory tract. It is extremely contagious and can produce a severe cough that can last for weeks and may make breathing difficult. Pertussis can lead to pneumonia and be fatal in some cases. ...

Peritonitis

The peritoneum is the lining of the inner abdominal wall. It serves as a protective covering for the abdominal organs. Peritonitis is a bacterial or fungal infection of the peritoneum.

Types of Peritonitis

There are two types of peritonitis: primary peritonitis, which originates in the peritoneum and secondary peritonitis, which is the result of an injury or infection that spreads into the abdominal cavity and affects the peritoneum. Peritonitis may occur for a variety of reasons. ...

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a bacterial infection of the female reproductive organs. The bacteria found in PID is the same bacteria that is found in gonorrhea and chlamydia, but PID can also result from infections that are not sexually transmitted. PID spreads from the vagina to the uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes and can lead to infertility or complications during pregnancy. It is estimated that one in eight women diagnosed with PID have issues when trying to become pregnant. ...

Pediatric Allergies

Children suffer with allergies in many of the same ways adults do, although since they are often less verbal, particularly when they are very young, they may not be able to describe their symptoms as accurately. Children may simply present as fussy, irritable or angry when suffering pain or discomfort they can't describe. Parents and other caregivers should be aware that children suffering from ear, nose and throat allergies are much more likely than adults to develop ear infections because of anatomical differences in the structure of their ears. ...

Paronychia

Paronychia is a common, relatively benign, infection that occurs on the skin around the nails. It is typically the result of an injury to the area, as when a hangnail is picked or bitten off. Paronychia presents as a painful swelling around the nail that may include blisters filled with pus and changes to the nail's overall appearance. There are three pathogens that may be responsible for paronychia: bacteria, candida (a particular kind of yeast), and other types of fungus. ...

Paget's Disease of Bone

Paget's disease of bone, or Paget's disease, is a chronic disorder that interferes with bone metabolism, causing bones to grow too large and become fragile. Even in full-grown adults, bones continue to grow in order to renew themselves, a process known as remodeling. Paget's disease disrupts this normal bone-recycling process, commonly affecting the spine, pelvis, skull or legs. At the onset, the disease causes old bone to deteriorate more quickly than new bone can be created. As the disorder progresses, the body responds by generating new bone at an abnormally rapid rate. This new bone is soft and weak, leading to pain, possible fractures and deformities. ...

Orthopedics

Orthopedists specialize in the diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and prevention of injuries to and diseases of the musculoskeletal system - the network of bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, muscles and nerves that gives the body its shape and allows us to move.

Many of the problems orthopedists treat involve the joints, places in the body where two or more bones meet. Humans have three different kinds of joints: fibrous (in the skull), cartilaginous (in the spine) and synovial (the neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists, hands, hips, knees, ankles and feet). This last type is what we usually refer to when we say "joint." Ligaments connect bones to each other, and tendons connect muscles and bones. ...

Orchitis

Orchitis is an inflammation that occurs in one or both of the testicles. It is usually the result of an infection caused by a virus or bacteria. Orchitis may cause a rapid onset of pain in one or both testicles that may spread to the groin area. Orchitis may be related to a mumps infection, affecting about one third of males who have contracted the virus. Orchitis may also be caused by a bladder or urethral infection, most commonly associated with sexually transmitted diseases. ...

Onychomycosis

Onychomycosis (nail fungus) is the most common infection of the nails in adults; it affects toenails more frequently than fingernails. Usually, the first sign of onychomycosis is a white or yellow spot under the nail. Left untreated, onychomycosis causes a nail to thicken and become brittle. The nail may split or crumble, or even separate from the nail bed. Onychomycosis can be contagious, spreading from nail to nail or, rarely, to nearby skin. ...

Adolescent Gynecology

Gynecological exams are valuable to adolescents in many ways. It is important for young women to be assessed early, especially if they are sexually active, and to begin a relationship with a doctor that may guide them through many important milestones in their lives. The adolescent gynecologist provides wellness consultations for adolescents with a goal of establishing a bond of trust and confidence with each patient. Adolescent gynecology is a subspecialty of obstetrics and gynecology. ...

Nongonococcal Urethritis

Nongonococcal urethritis, also known as NGU and nonspecific urethritis (NSU), is an infection that can be transmitted through sexual intercourse. There are several other types of bacteria that have been found to cause NGU but the bacteria most often found to be the cause of NGU is the Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium. The infection affects the urethra which is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body. This condition most often affects men between the ages of 15 and 30, and is considered one of the most common STDs in the United States. Women are less likely to be affected by this condition because the female urethra is not easily infected during sexual intercourse. ...

Neck Masses

Any lump or swelling on the neck is considered a neck mass. Neck masses are relatively common, both in childhood and adulthood, and may be the result of swollen lymph nodes or swelling of the muscles of the neck, known as torticollis, which usually appear on the front of the neck.

Some lumps on the neck may produce no symptoms and may disappear within a few days. Nonetheless, some neck masses may be serious or even life-threatening. Any swelling on the neck that remains for a week or more should be evaluated by a physician. ...

Myositis

Myositis is a rare autoimmune disease that causes muscles to become swollen and inflamed. This disorder affects the voluntary muscles of the body that consciously control movement. Myositis may develop slowly over time and can range in severity from mild to severe. Myositis causes progressive weakness and inflammation in muscles throughout the body and can affect adults and children. ...

Mycotic Nail Infections

Mycotic (fungal) nail infections are very common. Although they can occur on the fingernails, they are more commonly found on the toenails, because fungus grows more readily in warm, dark, moist areas like enclosed shoes. Infected nails appear discolored, thick and brittle and may at times be painful. Mycotic nail infections most frequently appear in adults. ...

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, also known as MRSA, is a strain of staph bacteria that is resistant to the beta-lactam antibiotics used to treat staph infections. The beta-lactam antibiotics include the following: ...

Mononucleosis

Mononucleosis, also known as mono or the kissing disease, is a viral infection transmitted through saliva. Mononucleosis may also be contracted by exposure to either a cough or sneeze or contact with contaminated surfaces.

Causes of Mononucleosis

Often found in teenagers between the ages of 15 and 17, mononucleosis is thought to be caused by the following: ...

Molluscum Contagiosum Virus

Molluscum contagiosum virus, also known as MCV, is a viral skin infection, that causes small painless bumps on the skin. Skin bumps usually appear anywhere on the body two to seven weeks after exposure to infection, although in some patients it may take up to six months before symptoms are present. While it is more common in children, MCV can affect adults with a compromised immune system. Adults affected with MCV in the genital area are diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease. MCV can be spread through vaginal, anal or oral sex as a result of skin contact with an infected area. ...

MERS Transmission and Prevention

While MERS, or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV), is clearly a virulent illness and has some capacity to be transmitted between humans, the precise elements necessary for the spread of the disease are not yet clear. It seems that some individuals are more capable of transmitting the virus than others. An outbreak of MERS on the Arabian Peninsula in 2012 has spread to include approximately 800 people, about 30 percent of whom have died.Many health care workers have contracted the illness and some have apparently spread the illness unwittingly through improper sterilization or international travel. Those living with, and caring for, infected patients at home are also at greater risk of developing the virus. So far, however, there is no evidence of MERS spreading throughout the community. ...

MERS Origins and Symptoms

MERS, or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, is named for the region in which the first case was reported. Since the virus made its appearance on the Arabian Peninsula in 2012, nearly 800 cases have been reported and over 300 of the patients who contracted the virus have died. At present, there is no known cure for MERS. Fortunately, as of August, 2014, no new cases of the disease have been recently reported. ...

Meningitis

Meningitis is a serious infection of the meninges, the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. This disease has a variety of causes, manifests a variety of symptoms, and may or may not be contagious. Most cases of meningitis are bacterial or viral, the former being much more severe. Bacterial meningitis can be caused by either meningococcus or pneumococcus bacteria. Fortunately, there are now vaccines available for both. ...

Medication Allergy

A medication allergy is a condition that causes a person to experience an adverse reaction after taking a particular medicine. It is caused by the abnormal reaction of the immune system to a medication. Medication allergies are fairly common and they can be elicited by many types of medication, both prescription and over-the-counter. The most common symptoms of an allergic reaction to medication are hives, rash or fever. However, people may experience a wide range of symptoms that can range from mild to serious, including anaphylaxis, which can be life-threatening. ...

Lyme Disease

Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium spread to humans by the bite of an infected black-legged tick. The tick becomes infected with the bacteria if it has bitten an infected mouse or deer. Humans are most frequently bitten by young ticks (nymphs) that are small and difficult to spot. Individuals who go to places where black-legged ticks are prevalent should take care to protect themselves. Most cases of Lyme disease can be effectively treated if diagnosed early, but left untreated can result in serious, life-altering symptoms. ...

Legionnaires' Disease

Legionnaires' disease is a virulent form of pneumonia, which is an inflammation of the lungs resulting from infection. Also known as "legionella," Legionnaires' disease is caused by a bacterium known as Legionella bacterium. This bacterium also causes Pontiac fever, a milder illness with flu-like symptoms. Both illnesses are also referred to as "legionellosis." Pontiac fever usually clears on its own; Legionnaires' disease, if not properly treated, can be fatal. ...

Laryngitis

Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx, or voice box, due to overuse, infection, or aging. Inside the larynx are two vocal cords, which normally open and close smoothly to form sounds through their movement and vibration. In laryngitis, the vocal cords become inflamed, distorting the sounds they produce. This causes the voice to sound hoarse or raspy. While laryngitis is not usually a serious condition, and typically lasts for only a week or two, it may sometimes have serious causes. If a case of laryngitis presents with a fever, or if it persists for longer than 2 weeks, medical attention should always be sought. ...

Laboratory Testing

Laboratories are a vital part of the world of medicine since modern medical laboratories do important diagnostic work for specialists in every medical field. While many medical laboratories do a variety of tests, some laboratories specialize in particular types of testing.

Cytopathology

Cytopathology laboratory testing involves the examination of cell smears from various parts of the body to check for malignancy, inflammation or other problems. Examples of cytopathological tests are Pap smears for cervical examination or microscopic examination of skin cells to detect skin cancer. Cytopathology may also be used to test for allergies through, for example, the examination of nasal smears. ...

Kawasaki Disease

Kawasaki disease is a rare condition in children that causes the arterial walls, including those of the coronary arteries, to become inflamed. The disease is not contagious and cannot be prevented. Kawasaki disease mainly affects children younger than 5 years of age, and occurs more frequently in boys than girls. The disease is seen more in children of Japanese or Korean descent, but can occur in children of any racial or ethnic group. ...

Infectious Diseases

An infectious disease is an illness that results from the presence or growth of a pathogen. The pathogen may be encountered rarely or may normally reside within the human body, only causing disease under particular circumstances. Infectious diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. The symptoms of infectious disease vary in type and severity, as do their methods of transmission. ...

Inclusion Body Myositis

Inclusion body myositis, also known as IBM, is is an inflammatory muscle disorder that causes progressive weakness and inflammation in muscles throughout the body. Over time, the muscle weakness progresses and individuals may experience difficulty swallowing, frequent falls and weakness in the extremities. IBM commonly affects individuals over the age of 50 and is more prevalent in men than women. ...

Impetigo

Impetigo is a contagious bacterial skin infection frequently occurring in infants and young children. It is almost always caused by one of two types of bacteria: staphylococcus (staph) or streptococcus. Impetigo usually develops where the skin surface is compromised, enabling bacteria to invade. This may occur where the skin has a cut, scratch, bite or itchy rash. Impetigo often occurs at the end of a cold, when the skin around the nose or mouth is sore. The first signs of impetigo are the appearance of small itchy pimple-like sores. They may appear anywhere on the body, but most frequently occur on the face, arms, or legs. The sores eventually fill with honey-colored pus, break open after a few days and form a yellowish crust. The itchy sores can be spread by scratching to other parts of the body or from one person to another. ...

Immunizations

While infants are protected from certain diseases at birth because of antibodies passed on to them from the mother, this maternal protection is only temporary. Continuing immunity against many diseases can be achieved through vaccinations, most often administered as injections, but sometimes administered orally or nasally. Vaccinations use small amounts of killed or weakened microorganisms that cause the targeted diseases. Introducing these altered pathogens into the body assists the immune system in developing antibodies as if it were fighting off the actual disease. These antibodies provide the patient with long-term protection. ...

Hypersplenism

The spleen is an organ in the upper left of the abdomen. One of its chief functions is to remove old red blood cells, known as erythrocytes, from the bloodstream on a regular basis. In hypersplenism, the spleen begins to rapidly and uncontrollably remove red blood cells which are still in working order, resulting in serious medical problems. ...

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

The human immunodeficiency virus, also known as HIV, is a virus that targets vital cells of the immune system. By damaging the immune system, HIV interferes with the body's ability to fight other infections or disease. Once a patient's immune system cell count drops to critical level, the person is considered to have Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, or AIDS. It is estimated that there are more than one million people infected with HIV or AIDS living in the United States, with at least 18 percent of them not recognizing they have the infection. ...

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is a contagious liver disease caused by an infection with the Hepatitis C virus. There is no vaccine for Hepatitis C and no treatment to cure the condition either, so it is important to take precautions to prevent an infection with this disease. Chronic Hepatitis C is the leading cause of cirrhosis, liver cancer and liver transplants in the United States. About 60 percent of all new cases of Hepatitis C are the result of injected drug use. ...

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is an inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus. Left untreated, hepatitis B can become a serious, chronic condition that may permanently damage the liver.

Risk Factors of Hepatitis B

The hepatitis B infection is spread through the blood and other bodily fluids of an infected person and can be transmitted through some the following: ...

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is an inflammation of the liver caused by the highly contagious hepatitis A virus.

Causes of Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is usually transmitted by some of the following:

• Eating contaminated food or water
• Close contact with either the stool or the blood of an infected person
• Sexual relations with an infected person
• Sharing needles
  
• Traveling to an undeveloped country

While hepatitis A is not usually serious, certain measures are recommended to prevent this infection. ...

Helicobacter pylori Breath Test

The Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) breath test is a common, safe method of testing for this bacterial infection. The bacterium, believed to infect as much as half of the world's population, grows in the stomach or the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). Much of the time, H. pylori causes no symptoms. Yet, for reasons not yet established, in some individuals H. pylori may lead to gastritis, an inflammation of the stomach lining, or to the development of ulcers. H. pylori, once it results in gastrointestinal inflammation, also significantly increases the risk of developing stomach cancer. ...

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)

Helicobacter pylori, commonly known as H. pylori, is a bacterial infection of the stomach or duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). While the infection is believed to be present in more than half of the world's population, a great many people are asymptomatic and unaware that they have the infection. Nonetheless, H. pylori can be serious and is a common cause of ulcers. In addition, H. pylori that produces inflammation puts patients at increased risk of developing stomach cancer. ...

Heat Stroke

Heat stroke occurs as a result of prolonged exposure to high temperatures or by physical activity in hot weather. This medical emergency is a serious condition where the body temperature rises to 104 degrees or higher. Many patients experience heat cramps or heat exhaustion, which are considered milder, less serious forms of heat stroke, although they still should be treated properly. Heat stroke can cause damage to the brain and other internal organs. ...

Hay Fever

Hay fever, also known as allergic rhinitis, is an allergic reaction to environmental triggers that can cause cold-like symptoms. Symptoms often include a runny nose, itchy eyes, congestion, sneezing and sinus pressure. Allergens such as pollen, dust mites or pet dander may all contribute to an episode of hay fever. Hay fever is a common condition that can occur at any age, but is most likely to develop during childhood or early adulthood. ...

Treatment of Traumatic Hand Injuries

The structures of our musculoskeletal system - the bones, joints, ligaments, tendons and other tissues - are highly susceptible to damage caused by trauma from accidents, injuries and other events. These traumatic events may include a fall, automobile accident or sports injury, and one or both hands are often involved. The trauma can cause pain, swelling, inflammation and other sometimes serious complications. Any bones that have been fractured need to be healed and joints may need to be realigned in order to maintain proper function and optimize their use. ...

Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease, or STD, caused by bacterial infection. The bacteria is passed from person to person through sexual activity. The gonorrhea bacteria develops and thrives in the warm moist areas of the reproductive organs, including the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in women and the urethra in men. If left untreated, the gonorrhea infection can spread to other parts of the body including: ...

Genital Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Genital human papillomavirus, also known as HPV, is a sexually transmitted viral infection. There are more than 40 different kinds of HPV that can infect the genitalia, mouth and throats of men and women. For some people, the immune system will remove the infection over the course of two years, but, for others, HPV may lead to genital warts or cancers of the cervix, vulva, vagina and anus. ...

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease that is caused by viral infection. Patients can be infected with either the herpes simplex virus type 1, also known as HSV-1 or herpes simplex virus type 2, or HSV-2. There are currently over 50 million people infected with genital herpes in the United States. Because the symptoms of herpes are often mild, people may be unaware that they have the infection or mistake it for something else. This long-term infection often causes sores or blisters on the mouth, lips, genitals or rectum. ...

Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis (stomach flu) is the inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. It is a very common ailment affecting approximately one in six people in the United States each year. Gastroenteritis may be caused by a virus, bacteria, a parasite, or by the ingestion of a drug or chemical toxin. Most forms of gastroenteritis are contagious, transmitted through contaminated water or food, or spread person-to-person. Although usually self-limited and not life-threatening, gastroenteritis can be dangerous to the very young, very old and immunocompromised. ...

Dandruff

Dandruff is a chronic skin disorder that causes itching and flaking of the scalp. Fortunately, there are treatments to effectively control dandruff as it can be a nuisance since the itching is uncomfortable and the flaking visible.

Mild cases of dandruff can usually be managed with an over-the-counter dandruff shampoo. More stubborn cases may need a prescription-strength shampoo. Although dandruff is chronic, it can be controlled by managing stress, shampooing often and cutting back on styling products. ...

Food Allergies

A food allergy is present when the immune system has an abnormal reaction to proteins in a particular food. Food-allergy symptoms, which can be triggered by ingesting even minute amounts of the food, usually happen within minutes but may, occasionally, happen a few hours later. Food allergies can begin in childhood or in adulthood, with some people suddenly having allergic responses to foods that have never caused problems. In other cases, allergies appear after a food is consumed for the first time. Certain food allergies that affect young children may eventually go away. ...

Fifth Disease

Fifth disease, is a common childhood illness characterized by bright red cheeks. Fifth disease is an infection caused by the human parvovirus B19 and is also known as slapped cheek disease. The infection is spread through coughing and sneezing. It is a common illness in preschool and school-aged children but can be transmitted to adults. Fifth disease can lead to complications for pregnant women and those people with anemia or compromised immune systems. ...

Esophagitis

Esophagitis is a condition that involves an irritation and inflammation of the esophagus, the tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach. This condition may cause pain,difficulty swallowing, bleeding and if left untreated, ulcers may form within the esophagus.

Causes of Esophagitis

Esophagitis is often caused by stomach acid and fluids that flow backward into the esophagus causing pain and irritation. Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a common cause of esophagitis. It may also be caused by a bacterial, fungal or viral infection in the esophagus such as a yeast infection or herpes, both of which can develop when the immune system is weak. Other factors that may irritate the esophagus and lead to esophagitis may include: ...

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Escherichia coli, also known as E. coli, is a varied group of bacteria that live in the intestinal tracts of people and animals. Young children and older adults are more likely to experience symptoms from an E. coli infection, as well as those with weakened immune systems. Diagnosis of an E. coli infection is typically confirmed with a laboratory test of a stool sample. ...

Epstein-Barr Virus

The Epstein-Barr virus, also known as EBV, is one of the most common of the herpes viruses. Transmission of EBV requires contact with the saliva found in the mouth of an infected person. For adolescents and young adults, EBV can be responsible for the onset of infectious mononucleosis. Most adults in the United States have been exposed to EBV at some point and have therefore built up antibodies. ...

Epididymitis

Epididymitis is an inflammation of the epididymis, the tube behind the testicle responsible for storing and carrying sperm. Epididymitis is generally characterized by pain, swelling and tenderness in the scrotum. Epididymitis most commonly affects men in their 20s or 30s, although it can occur in males of any age. ...

Enteritis

Enteritis is inflammation of the small intestine, most frequently the result of consuming contaminated food or drink. There are many reasons that consumption of contaminated foodstuffs may take place and certain individuals may be susceptible to the condition than others. Lack of sanitation and improper food or beverage storage are the most common reasons for outbreaks of enteritis. ...

Encephalitis

Encephalitis is defined as an inflammation of the brain, and is most often caused by a viral infection. Encephalitis may cause flu-like symptoms, however in many cases, people who are infected with encephalitis may experience only mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. Most cases of encephalitis can be treated successfully through conservative methods. Although rare, severe cases of encephalitis may cause neurological damage and can be life-threatening. ...

Ebola

Ebola is a severe hemorrhagic virus with a very high mortality rate. There have been several outbreaks of the disease in Africa since it was first discovered in 1976. By far the worst of these outbreaks is now underway in West Africa, primarily in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. There are now estimated to be 15,000 cases worldwide; between a one third and one half of the infected patients have died of the disease. A few isolated cases have been diagnosed on other continents, including in the United States. To date, two patients have died of Ebola on American soil. For unknown reasons, some people appear to be immune to the virus. ...

Ear Pain

Ear pain, medically known as otalgia, is a common symptom of a number of medical problems, not all of them directly related to the ear. Ear pain, which can be sharp, dull or burning, temporary or constant, presents more frequently in children than in adults. Many times the type of pain experienced serves as a diagnostic tool, assisting the physician in pinpointing the pain's cause. ...

Dengue Fever

Dengue (pronounced Den-gee) fever is a potentially deadly viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes. The disease affects 400 million people worldwide annually, resulting in over 100 million deaths. Until recently, Dengue fever was mostly unknown in the continental United States, but with increasing international travel, the illness has shown up in this country. Some cases of dengue fever are relatively mild and resolve without consequence, but if complications develop, and the disease becomes hemorrhagic, it is life-threatening. ...

Croup

Croup is the result of an inflammation of the upper airways, including the larynx, or voice box, the windpipe and throat. Often caused by a virus, croup can cause hoarseness in the voice and a barking cough. This condition occurs most often in infants and children under the age of five because their airways are small. In the United States, croup is most common in the fall and winter months between October and March. Although croup is not a serious condition, it can be troubling for both parent and child. ...

Coxsackie Virus

The coxsackie virus, also known as hand-foot-mouth disease, is a highly contagious virus that is spread through exposure to infected bodily fluids, surfaces contaminated by feces, or unwashed hands. It usually affects young children, under the age of ten. The incubation period after exposure is one to seven days. While not considered to be serious, the coxsackie virus is highly contagious. The coxsackie virus can cause sores in the mouth and a rash on the hands and feet. The coxsackie virus thrives in a warm climate and occurs more commonly in the summer and fall seasons in the United States. ...

Coronavirus (COVID-19)

COVID-19: 'CO' stands for 'corona,' 'VI' for 'virus', and 'D' for disease. '19' refers to the year '2019' in which it was first identified. The disease was formerly referred to as "2019 novel coronavirus" or "2019-nCoV".
...

Concussion

A concussion is a common type of brain injury most often caused by a direct blow to the head or sudden head movement that causes temporary brain malfunction. When the head is hit unexpectedly, the brain can move and hit the skull, affecting memory, judgment, reflexes, speech, balance and coordination. A concussion may also be caused by a sports related injury, a motor vehicle accident or from being violently shaken. Most concussions are considered mild injuries, and people usually fully recover from this condition. ...

Complete Blood Count

A complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test used to evaluate a patient's state of health by measuring the number of blood cells in the body and the ratio of one type of blood cell to another in the bloodstream. This information is valuable in helping to diagnose or rule out a number of medical problems, including anemia, various infections. and many serious disorders. A CBC is frequently the first test taken during a comprehensive medical examination both because it is simple to administer and because it provides a great deal of data concerning the patient's health. ...

The Common Cold

A common cold is a viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract. The common cold also affects the nose and throat and may be caused by different viruses. Symptoms of the common cold normally last about one week but may last longer in children, the elderly, and in individuals with other underlying conditions or illnesses. The common cold is one of the main reasons people visit the doctor each year. ...

Cold Sores

Cold sores, also known as fever blisters, are among the most common oral lesions, occurring on the lips or around the mouth. These sores, which are often painful, are caused by the herpes simplex virus. There are two types of herpes simplex virus, HSV-1 and HSV-2. Cold sores are usually caused by HSV-1, while HSV-2 is usually the cause of genital herpes. ...

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a condition that is characterized by extreme fatigue that does not improve with rest. Fatigue caused by this condition is ongoing and may worsen after physical activity or mental exertion. Anyone can suffer from chronic fatigue syndrome, although it is most common in middle aged women. The exact cause of chronic fatigue syndrome is unknown which makes this condition difficult to treat. ...

Chlamydia

Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted disease, or STD caused by a bacteria. While the symptoms of chlamydia may be mild, the complications that may occur as a result of the infection mat be serious and irreversible. Chlamydia affects men and women and may be transmitted through vaginal, oral or anal sex. Chlamydia can also affect the fetus of a pregnant woman who has contracted the disease. ...

Chickenpox

Chickenpox, caused by the varicella-zoster virus, is a highly contagious childhood disease which causes a red, itchy rash of small blisters all over the body. The rash typically first appears on the trunk and then spreads to the face and limbs. The illness can be serious in babies, pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems. Previously considered an inevitable childhood disease, the illness is now far less common since a chickenpox vaccine has been developed and is normally administered to all young children. With very few exceptions, children in the United States must be vaccinated against chicken pox before registering to attend day care or school. Most frequently, children have been given their second and final dose of chickenpox vaccine by the time they are 6 years old, but if necessary they can be vaccinated later on. ...

Chancroid

Chancroid is a sexually transmitted disease, or STD, caused by a bacterial infection. A chancroid is characterized by painful, irregularly shaped sores that develop in the genital area. Chancroid is prevalent in developing nations and under-developed parts of the world. There are less than a hundred reported cases diagnosed in the United States each year. Most of the people diagnosed with chancroid are men who have traveled outside of the United States to areas where the disease is prevalent. ...

Botulism

Botulism is a bacterial illness caused by the bacterial toxins found in Clostridium Botulinum. Botulism is rare but life-threatening as it causes paralysis of the breathing muscles and respiratory failure. Due to the severity of the condition, botulism is treated as a medical emergency. There are three main forms of botulism: ...

Blisters

A blister, also known as a bulla, is a bubble of fluid that forms beneath a thin layer of damaged skin. The fluid inside is composed of water and protein that have oozed from the damaged tissue. Commonly, blisters form as a result of irritation caused by rubbing, such as that caused by ill-fitting or new shoes. They generally involve only epidermis, the top layer of the skin. Blisters such as these usually resolve on their own fairly quickly, and do not lead to complications or scarring. Blisters may, however, development for a number of other reasons, some of which can be more serious. All blisters should be watched because even seemingly innocuous blisters can become infected easily. ...

Bartholin's Cyst

The Bartholin's glands, which are located on opposite sides of the vaginal opening, secrete fluid that provides lubrication for the vagina. If the opening of one of the gland's becomes blocked, the lubricating fluid backs up into the gland, forming what is known as a Bartholin's cyst. The cyst can become infected, causing swelling, fever and pain during intercourse. Usually only one gland at a time becomes infected. ...

Autoimmune Blistering Diseases

A blister, or bulla, is a bubble of fluid that normally forms beneath a thin layer of damaged skin. The fluid inside it is composed of water and protein that have oozed from the damaged tissue. Blisters typically form as a result of a rubbing irritation or a burn and involve only the top layer of the skin, or epidermis. They may also be symptoms of a bacterial or viral infection. Such blisters usually resolve in a short period of time and do not result in complications or scarring. ...

Athlete's Foot

Athlete's foot (tinea pedis) is a common fungal infection that develops in the moist area between the toes or on the soles of the feet. It causes itching, stinging and burning, and, if left untreated, can cause the skin to peel and crack, which, in turn, can lead to bacterial infection. Athlete's foot can also affect the toenails, palms and fingers. It is caused by a variety of fungi that belong to the group "dermatophyte," which also causes ringworm, diaper rash and jock itch (dhobi itch). ...

Appendectomy

An appendectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the appendix, a small organ located at the junction of the small intestine and colon. The appendix, once thought to be only vestigial, is now known to help lubricate the colon, and assist the immune system. Appendectomies are, therefore, performed only when necessary. ...

Appendicitis

Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, a small finger-shaped organ that projects from the colon, on the right side of the body.

Causes of Appendicitis

The inflammation of the appendix is caused either by an obstruction or an infection. The inflammation causes bacteria within the appendix to multiply and the appendix to become swollen and filled with pus. Left untreated, the appendix may rupture. ...

Appendectomy FAQs

What is the appendix?

The appendix is a small organ located at the junction of the small intestine and colon. Once thought to be only vestigial, is now known to help lubricate the colon and to assist the immune system.

What is appendicitis?

Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix due to the buildup of bacteria. It may be caused by a blockage of mucous or fecal matter in the appendix leading to the production of pus. Pus is a combination of bacteria, white blood cells and dead tissue. ...

Anosmia

Anosmia is a condition in which a person completely loses the sense of smell. Depending on the reason for its loss, the condition may be temporary or permanent. Common causes of temporary anosmia include colds, allergies and sinus infections, and viral infections such as the flu. Anosmia may also be caused by something physically blocking the flow of air through the nose such as nasal polyps. Aging may also play a role in the progressive loss of smell over time. ...

Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis, also known as anaphylactic shock, is a severe life-threatening allergic reaction that can take place within minutes or even seconds of exposure to an allergen. During anaphylaxis, the body's immune system reacts abnormally, releasing chemicals into the bloodstream. Because anaphylaxis is a systemic response to an allergen, it affects a number of different systems in the body at the same time. ...

Allergic Conjunctivitis

Allergic conjunctivitis is a common eye condition that affects millions of Americans, causing eye irritation and chronic discomfort. The condition is triggered by airborne allergens, such as pollen, mold, dust or pet dander. In patients with allergies, contact with such airborne substances results in inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear layer of tissue lining the eyelids and covering the white of the eye. While extremely uncomfortable, allergic conjunctivitis does result in any serious visual impairment. ...

Abscess Drainage

An abscess is a mass caused by a bacterial infection; it forms when a cavity fills with pus, which is a combination of dead tissue, white blood cells and bacteria. Although an abscess can develop anywhere (sometimes as a postsurgical complication), moist areas such as the armpits, groin, tailbone region (pilonidal cyst) and mouth (dental abscess) are particularly susceptible. Although some drain on their own, many abscesses require medical intervention. ...

Abscess

An abscess is a tender mass on a specific area of the body caused by bacterial infection. It presents as a painful swelling, pink to red in color, warm or hot to the touch. Abscesses often appear on the head and neck, limbs, torso, and are especially common in moist sites on the body such as the armpits or groin. They may also develop internally at the site of a recent operation, or, occasionally, for no apparent reason. Most often, surgical abscess drainage is necessary for successful treatment. ...